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Once the Cariboo gold rush was underway, underground mining replaced placer mining along the Fraser River. Gold pans were abandoned and waterwheels built to pump out the groundwater that flooded mine shafts sunk to reach the gold buried 30 feet down or more. Miners used picks to remove rock and gravel from the walls of the shafts and shovelled it into buckets that were raised to the surface, where rockers and sluice boxes separated the gold from the debris.
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